Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are an advanced non-viral drug delivery system composed of different types of lipids: 1) Ionizable cationic lipid, 2) PEGylated lipid, 3) Cholesterol, and 4) Helper phospholipids (e.g. DSPC and DOPE). They are designed to encapsulate different drug payloads, e.g. nucleic acids (i.e. RNA and DNA), peptides, and other small molecules.
These nanoparticles offer several advantages, including high drug loading capacity, protection of the payload from enzymatic degradation, and the ability to target specific tissues or cells.
LNPs have gained significant attention in the field of drug delivery due to their widespread use in vaccinations during the COVID-19 pandemic. They are also being investigated for various applications, including cancer therapy, gene therapy, and treatment of infectious diseases.
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Fig. 1Â - Lipid nanoparticle with DNA cargo circulating through the bloodstream.